Holy Roman Empire Essay Example for Free

Holy Roman Empire Essay The spread of Lutheranism from 1521-1555 occurred due to many reasons in addition to the lack of strong central government. Other reasons include the fact that Charles V held many roles and therefore had other priorities that were more important than dealing with Lutheranism, the role of Fredrick the Wise and other Lutheran leaders and princes, and finally the appeal and popularity of Lutheranism which ultimately lead to the strength and the growth of the Luther movement. Perhaps the other reasons would not have happened if there was not a lack of central government, which suggests that this was the most important reason; however it is clear that these reasons all interlink, for example the princes may have never supported Luther’s ideas if he did not appeal to them, thus leading to the growth of Lutheranism. Due to the complexity of the causes it is difficult to judge the most important factor, but it is fair to say that there was no stand-alone cause which led to the spread of Lutheranism, but a range of contributing factors. Firstly, the lack of strong central government in the Holy Roman Empire allowed the spread of Lutheranism to occur without prevention. This is largely due to the over 300 self-governing states, meaning that Charles’ influence was limited. This prince’s autonomy meant that the princes had acquired sovereign authority in their own territories, and Charles had little authority. So when Charles attempted to act against rulers who supported Luther he found that Catholic princes did not support him as they were fearful of an increase in the Emperor’s power. This political division ensured the establishment of a Lutheran church, and his supporters and allies were able to capitalise on Fredrick the Wises’ actions and the absence of Charles V when he was dealing with other issues. Another example of the weakness was the Wahlkapitulation. This was also very limiting for Charles, as he had to consult the Electors and the Reichstag on all imperial matters, for example in Augsburg in 1530 when the princes said no to him. It also meant that he could not bring in foreign troops, for example his Spanish troops, to possibly invade Saxony and arrest Luther. This gave Luther further protection on top of the protection he received from Fredrick the Wise. In the 1530s peoples preferred to see the spread of Lutheranism than an increase in the Emperors power, which is due to increased princely particularism. So, all of these reasons ultimately lead to a spread of Lutheranism because the fact that the princes were gaining more power meant that they could make decisions for their own territories, and it became increasingly difficult for Charles to prevent them from becoming Lutheran. Charles V was very preoccupied during the period when Lutheranism was spreading, and ultimately it was not at the top of his priority list. The conflicting priorities of Charles’ extensive yet fragmented Empire were a cause of weakness, thus linking to a weakness in the structure of the Empire. Even in cases of emergency he was not often able to devote his full attention to any cause because he had such a vast area to manage. Examples of Charles’ other priorities include Spain, France and the Ottoman Empire. Charles felt it was necessary to remain in Germany to make sure the Edict of Worms was carried out; however he was forced to travel to Spain to deal with riots that had broken out there, meaning he could not return to Germany for another 8 years. He was also preoccupied with the on-going Habsburg-Valois conflict with France, which was fought in Northern Italy and demanded a lot of Charles attention. Finally the Turks were a cause of problem for Charles, as they were threatening Charles Empire hugely. Charles’ conflicting priorities meant that he could not devote attention to preventing the spread of Lutheranism. In comparison to the structure of the empire, this was not as significant due to the spread of Lutheranism because despite it being out of control, Charles could have delegated other people to carry out his roles in other countries so he could focus on Luther, however the lack strong central government was a key structural issue in the empire and the determination of the princes was out of Luther’s control. The role of Fredrick the Wise and other Lutheran princes was key in the spread of Lutheranism because Fredrick not only protected Luther in the years leading up to the Edict of Worms, but he continued to work for Luther and promoted the religion that Luther stood for. He always suggested an alternative way instead of flatly disagreeing with the Emperor to still keep relationships stable. He argued that Luther’s ideas needed to be considered more carefully, suggesting that the issue should be decided in a council of the German Church. This idea was popular because of its appeal, and Fredrick was presented as a reasonable man. All of this work done by Fredrick led to the strength and growth of the Lutheran movement, as it also increased his popularity. The support of the Luther princes was less of an influence on the spread of Lutheranism than the structure of the Empire, because the Structure of the Empire allowed these princes to follow Luther’s ideas due to increasing princely particularism, and despite Fredrick’s role playing a significant part, it is still on a smaller scale than the structure of the entire empire. Finally, the appeal of Lutheranism meant that he gained popularity rapidly. This is partially to do with the failure of the church in the early 16the century, and increasing hostility due to clerical abuses, such as Simony, and poor quality of pastoral care from people’s parish priests. Luther highlighted these problems with the Church and therefore people supported Luther’s ideas of sola scriptura and sola fida. This increased popularity led to the strength and growth of the Luther movement. By the 1540’s people’s attitudes had changed, and as a whole generation of people had grown up with Luther’s ideas around them it made it incredibly difficult for Charles to eliminate Luther’s ideas, or prevent further spreading. The Diet of Regensburg in 1541 also saw a change in Charles attitude. Charles had decided military action was necessary to bring Luther supporters back into the Catholic Church, which highlights the size of the growth of Lutheranism, as he thought he needed to sort them out immediately. However things changed again in 1555 as Charles was forced to accept Lutheranism in the religious Peace of Augsburg where the impossibility of reuniting Christendom was finally recognised. It declared that, in each state there was to be one religion, either Catholicism or Lutheranism, and the princes were to decide, thus linking back to princely particularism again, and it marked a huge change for the religion of the empire. For the first times Charles accepts Lutheranism and does not try to prevent it. The appeal of Lutheranism was fundamental, because it resulted in support and without support Lutheranism would have never grown to the extent it did. However it does not seem as fundamental as the structure of the empire because it was such a large issue. In conclusion the structure of the government is a fundamental cause in the spread of Lutheranism because it has the largest impact because it affects the entire empire. The fact that Charles V had other priorities meant that he could not deal with or prevent the spread, but it did not encourage the spread in any way, the spread was encouraged due to the princely particularism that occurred because of the structure of the empire. Therefore the lack of Charles V’s attention was probably the least important contributing factor. Both the role of Fredrick and the other Lutheran princes and the appeal of Lutheranism result in the strength and growth of Lutheranism, therefore this is also an important reason, because if Lutheranism was not popular then it would have never have grown and spread. Consequently, even though there are important factors which clearly contribute largely to the spread, it is clear that the structure of the empire was the most important reason promoting the spread of Lutheranism because it encouraged princes to be independent and make their own decision, thus taking power away from the Emperor, and ultimately changing to Lutheran states.

Software Engineer :: essays research papers

Computer software engineers use the basics and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis to the design, development, testing, and evaluation of the software and systems that enable computers to perform their many different tasks. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, computer software engineers are projected to be one of the fastest growing occupations over the 2002–12 period. The starting salaries for computer engineers with a bachelor's degree can be higher than salaries of bachelor's degree graduates in many other occupations. What are the duties of a computer software engineer?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Testing and verifying ongoing designs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Designing and developing software  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Project managing  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consulting Where can I find computer software engineering training? Most employers would like to hire people who have at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science, systems software engineering or computer information systems with knowledge of, and experience with, a variety of computer systems and technologies. Graduate degrees are wanted for some of the more difficult jobs. As technology advances, employers ask for new skills. Computer software engineers must continue to learn such skills if they hope to remain in this field. To help them keep up with the technology changes, continuing education and professional development seminars are offered by employers and software vendors, colleges and universities, private training institutions, and professional computing societies. How can I get a computer software engineering certification? Professional certification is now offered by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. To be classified as a Certified Software Development Professional, people need a bachelor’s degree and work experience that shows that they have mastered knowledge, and must pass a written exam. What is a computer software engineer’s salary? Computer applications software engineers who worked full time in 2002 were about $70,900. Computer systems software engineers who worked full time in 2002 were about $74,040. According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, the starting salary for graduates with a bachelor’s degree in computer engineering averaged $51,343 in 2003, and those with a master’s degree averaged $64,200. The starting salary for graduates with a bachelor’s degree in computer science averaged $47,109. What career some career opportunities for computer software engineers? Entry-level computer software engineers are likely to test ongoing designs. As they get more experienced, computer software engineers may be involved in designing and developing software. Soon, they might become a project manager, manager of information systems, or chief information officer.

How to Solve Poverty

A’Leigha Jackson Period: 5/6 March 20, 2013 Social Inequalities on Gender Roles/Gender Inequalities Rural women suffer systematic discrimination in the access to resources needed for agricultural production and socio-economic development. Credit, extension, input and seed supply services usually address the needs of male household heads. Rural women are rarely consulted in development projects that may increase men's production and income, but add to their own workloads.When work burdens increase, girls are removed from school more often than boys, to help with farming and household tasks. Gender equality makes good economic and social sense. A gender role is the place you hold in a family, relationship or society as a whole because you are male or female. Typically, your gender role is action-oriented and focused on whether you work outside the home or play a nurturing role within the family Gender inequality is like for example people say that boys are better in sports than girls.I believe that is not true, girls are as good in sports as boys are. The audience in sports is more focused on the male species than the women. There is a high rate of people watching man sports than girl sports. In Basketball there is a NBA and there also is a WNBA but, many people watch the NBA instead of the WNBA because they are more appealed to the man basketball team. In Marriage the Gender role is a big part in marriage. In gay couples many people wonder who is playing the man and who is playing the guy.Gender inequalities spring from the soil of male dominated societies in which women, to a greater or lesser extent, are seen as second class. Gender inequalities are also interwoven with class, race and religious structures. Gender inequalities range from reactionary notions of women’s abilities and their sexual availability to cultural and traditional views of femininity and women’s proper roles. From wolf whistles to rape, lack of education to unequal pay , women are paying the price.HIV positive women, including HIV positive young women, are paying the price many times over. Gender inequality goes hand in hand with HIV–related stigma and violence so HIV positive women face a double dose of discrimination. Another on is equal pay for equal work is one of the areas where gender equality is rarely seen. All too often women are paid less than men for doing the same thing. In Conclusion, in Gender Roles and Gender inequalities there are many things that people face in these areas today.

The Genre Of Pastoral Comedy - 1389 Words

The genre of pastoral comedy has been used since the 13th century by many poets and writers to establish an ideal setting and plot that the people of the time imagined so. It became much more during the 16th century, which is when As You Like It written by William Shakespeare was published. This play centers around the protagonist Orlando, who rebels against his brother Oliver for disrespecting and not following their father’s last wishes. As events turn against him, he is forced to leave the court and go into hiding, where he meets new characters such as his lover Rosalind, her ally Celia, and Duke Senior. Since the play was written in the late 16th century, much of the work consists of traits relating to pastoral ideas. As You Like†¦show more content†¦This would be the Court and the Forest of Arden, which seem parallel to each other since the majority of the characters in the play view one setting as ideal and the other as wretched or somewhere they don’t wa nt to be. For example, the Court, where Orlando and his brothers once lived in, became a very cynical and terrible area inhabited by cruel and ambitious people. Oliver, Orlando’s older brother, is a significant character that leads to the conflict since he deprived Orlando of his right to his father’s inheritance as well as disrespected him as a person. When he tried to rebel against Oliver, they both argued and began fighting, resulting in him storming off. Oliver commanded the wrestler, Charles, to go against Orlando in a wrestling match for disrespecting him in such way. Oliver was a cruel brother to Orlando for misusing his inheritance from his father as well as harming someone else regardless of him being family. Another character who shows these types of traits is Duke Frederick, who banishes Rosalind from the Court and could never return. He believes that Rosalind would create much trouble and would turn out just like her banished father who is also his brother. The Duke also sends Oliver to hunt down his brother dead or alive without any sort of rebellion or love for Orlando safety stating that â€Å"[He] never loved [his] brother in [his] life.† (Shakespeare III.i). The Duke and Oliver make the Court a corrupted place because of theirShow MoreRelatedPastoral Comedy Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The genre of pastoral comedy has been used since the 13th century by many poets and writers to establish an ideal setting and plot that the people of the time imagined so. It became much more during the 16th century when As You Like It written by William Shakespeare was published. This play centers around the protagonist Orlando, who rebels against his brother Oliver in order to receive the education he deserves. 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